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PHP 8.1: New Features You Need To Know About

PHP Fibers will appear in PHP 8.1 later this year. Fibers are a lightweight flow of execution (also called coroutines) Fibers run in parallel, but they are not sent directly to the CPU. They are similar to threads in a computer program, but are not scheduled by the operating system. PHP core will still be synchronous after Fibers introduced, but that doesn't mean your application can't do two things at the same time. Fibers allow fine control of the main program execution and the Fiber execution.

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Oleg Melnic

Technical Lead in the company Proxify

In this article, we will look at the new Fibers Feature in the future PHP update

PHP continues to improve features in its codebase. PHP Fibers will appear in PHP 8.1 later this year, and this is one of the important additions to the language. They will open up new possibilities for a kind of asynchronous programming (coroutines). The fiber concept mainly refers to the lightweight flow of execution (also called coroutine). They run in parallel, but they are not sent directly to the CPU and are eventually processed by the runtime itself. Many major languages have their own ways of implementing them, but they have one similarity and it is as follows: let the computer perform two or more tasks simultaneously, and wait until everything is completed.

The implementation of Fibers in PHP is not true asynchronous computing, as someone might think. Obviously, PHP core will still be synchronous after Fibers are introduced. You can imagine PHP Fibers are like switching from one car to another.

How Do Will Fibers Work?

A Fiber is a single final class and is similar to threads in a computer program. Threads are scheduled by the operating system and does not guarantee when and at which point the threads are paused and resumed. Fibers are created, started, suspended, and terminated by the program itself, and allows fine control of the main program execution and the Fiber execution.

                                  final                                      class                    Fiber                  {                  public                                      function                    __construct                    (callable $callback)                  {}                  public                                      function                    start                    (mixed ...$args):                    mixed                  {}                  public                                      function                    resume                    (mixed $value = null):                    mixed                  {}                  public                                      function                    throw                    (Throwable $exception):                    mixed                  {}                  public                                      function                    isStarted                    ():                    bool                  {}                  public                                      function                    isSuspended                    ():                    bool                  {}                  public                                      function                    isRunning                    ():                    bool                  {}                  public                                      function                    isTerminated                    ():                    bool                  {}                  public                                      function                    getReturn                    ():                    mixed                  {}                  public                  static                                      function                    this                    (): ?self                  {}                  public                  static                                      function                    suspend                    (mixed $value = null):                    mixed                  {} }

After creating a new Fiber instance with a callable, nothing will happen.
Until you start Fiber, the callback will not be executed like any other normal PHP code.

                $fiber =                  new                  Fiber(                    function                    ()                    :                    void                  {                  echo                  "I'm running a Fiber, yay!"; });$fiber->start();                  // I'm running a Fiber, yay!

Fibers are asynchronous, but only until you suspend them by calling

                              Fiber::suspend()

inside the callback. When

                  Fiber::suspend()

is called, the Fiber is paused at that expression. The local variables, array pointers, etc. are not cleared until the Fiber object itself is removed from memory.

                $fiber =                  new                  Fiber(                    function                    ()                    :                    void                  {    Fiber::suspend();                  echo                  "I'm running a Fiber, yay!"; });$fiber->start();                  // [Nothing happens]

The next

              Fiber::resume()

call continues the program from the next
expression.

                $fiber =                  new                  Fiber(                    function() :                    void                  {    Fiber::suspend();    echo                  "I'm running a Fiber, yay!"; });  $fiber->start();                  // [Nothing happened]                  $fiber->resume();                  // I'm running a Fiber, yay!

This is literally incorrect asynchronously, but that doesn't mean your application can't do two things at the same time. The real thing here is that the state of the Fiber function is saved where it was left off. You, figuratively speaking, switch between cars, each going to one point.

One of the great things about

              start()

, suspend (and

              resume()

is that
they accept arguments:

The

              start()

method will pass arguments to the callable and return
whatever the

              suspend()

method receives.

The

              suspend()

method returns any value returned by the

              resume()

method.

The

              resume()

method returns whatever is received on the next call to

              suspend()

This makes the relationship between main thread and Fiber relatively
straightforward:

              resume()

is used to put the values in Fiber that are received with

              suspend()

, and

              suspend()

is used to push values out that are received by

              resume()

The official example is become easier to understand now:

                $fiber =                  new                  Fiber(                    function                    ():                    void                  {     $value = Fiber::suspend('fiber');     echo                  "Value used to resume fiber: ", $value,                  "\n"; });  $value = $fiber->start(); echo                  "Value from fiber suspending: ", $value,                  "\n"; $fiber->resume('test');

After executing the above code, you will receive something like this:

                Value                  from                  fiber suspending: fiber Value used to resume fiber: test

We are almost done creating our own fully-fledged webserver

In truth, PHP works in partnership with nginx / Apache in 99% of cases,
basically, because it is not multi-threaded. The server that enters
PHP blocks and serves only for some tests or shows something to the
client. Fibers allow PHP to work with the socket more efficiently and enable things like WebSockets, server-side events, pooled database connections, or even HTTP / 3 without having to resort to compiling extensions, hacking your way down with unintended functions, encapsulating PHP to another external runtime or any other prescription for disaster.

Some issues may take time to resolve, but if there is a promise to keep a
single code base for other features without spending days trying to compile and deploy, we could accept that.

Fibers will not be used directly

According to the documentation, Fibers offers "only the minimum required
for custom code to implement full stack coroutines or green streams in PHP." Simply put, unless you have a very strange reason to use them directly, you never have to interact with Fibers as if you were executing coroutines in Javascript or Go.

Some high-level frameworks (like Symfony, Laravel, CodeIgniter, and
CakePHP, among others) will take some time to figure out how to approach Fibers and create a set of tools that they work with from a developer's point of view. Some low-level frameworks like amphp and ReactPHP have already migrated to the Fiber ship in their latest development releases.

However you will be free from thinking more about Fibers and concentrate on your idea, it means that everyone will be creating their own concurrency option with all its benefits and caveats.

Only One Fiber at a Time

I'm going to quote Aaron Piotrowski from PHP Internals Podcast #74:

"Since only one Fiber can be executing at the same time, you don't have
some of the same race conditions that you have with memory being accessed or written to by two threads at the same time."

Aaron also adds that frameworks will be able to solve concurrency and
synchronization problems in the same piece of memory.

That's great because you don't have to think about data races, semaphores and mutexes - things that gophers understand very well. But you are still can operate only two things at a time, no matter what you do.

No Channels simultaneously

Based on the fact that only one fiber is running at a time, even if you declare several of them, there is no data synchronization problem. But Aaron said there is a possibility that another Fiber will wake up and rewrite what the first Fiber is sharing. One solution is to use the Go's channel style.

When Deryk Rethans asked about channels, Aaron replied in simple words:
something else needs to be implemented with Fibers, but until then, the last word on how to use channels will be up to the frameworks if they deem them necessary for what they offer, like guys in amphp.

Comparison with a newbie in the block

The Go language has been gaining traction in recent months, especially because it was built on parallelism from scratch. Anything can be done concurrently with the go keyword, and synchronization is done using mutexes or channels, making it easier to work with.

                names := make(chan string)  go doFoo(names) go doBar(names)

From this point of view, Go is well ahead of PHP's original concurrency
solution. If you need something completely multithreaded, you can make your software in Go, or even Rust if you want to use CPU threads directly.

It's not that PHP is incompatible with any concurrency model, but certainly, its foundation is still synchronous at its core due to the fact that it is more convenient and understandable. Compared to Go, the disadvantage of PHP is excessive plumbing.

So if you need a true concurrency model like Go, then PHP will have to be rewritten from scratch, but that will open up a lot of possibilities in the computing world that has already embraced multithreading.

Hopefully, this will allow you to focus more on features and independence, which I talked about a lot.